Plastic tsvina idambudziko rakadaro kutizvinokonzera mafashamomune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika.Sezvo mapolymer epurasitiki asingaparare nyore, kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kunogona kuvhara nzizi dzese.Kana ikasvika kugungwa inoguma yakurazvigamba zvemarara zvinoyangarara.

Mukuda kugadzirisa dambudziko repasi rose rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, vaongorori vakagadzira purasitiki inoparara iyo inoputsika mushure mekuvhenekerwa nechiedza chezuva nemhepo kwevhiki chete - kuvandudzwa kukuru kwemakumi emakore, kana mazana emakore, zvinogona kutora mamwe ezuva nezuva epurasitiki. zvinhu zvekuora.

Inbepa rakabudiswamuJournal yeAmerican Chemical Society (JACS), vaongorori vakatsanangudza purasitiki yavo nyowani inoshatisa nharaunda iyo inoputsika muchiedza chezuva kuita succinic acid, inowanzoitika isiri-chepfu diki molecule isingasiye microplastic zvidimbu mumhoteredzo.

Masayendisiti akashandisa nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) uye mass spectroscopy kemikari hunhu kuratidza zvavakawana papurasitiki, petroleum-based polymer.

Bio-based?Recyclable?Biodegradable?Nhungamiro yako kune mapurasitiki akasimba

Nekugadzikana kwakakwira pane ajenda yemunhu wese uye tekinoroji iri kufambira mberi nekukurumidza, nyika yemapurasitiki iri kuchinja.Hezvino izvo zvaunoda kuziva nezvemazuva ano epurasitiki zvinhu - uye dzimwe nguva inovhiringa terminology,

Marara epurasitiki ave kunetsa pasi rose.Anosvika mazana mana emamiriyoni matani ayo anogadzirwa pasi rose gore rega rega, apo79 muzana yemarara ese epurasitiki akambogadzirwa akaguma ave mumarara kana semarara munzvimbo dzechisikigo.

Asi zvakadini nemapurasitiki matsva, akasimba - achatibatsira here kugadzirisa dambudziko remarara epurasitiki?Ko iwo mazwi ekuti bio-based, biodegradable kana recyclable mapurasitiki anomborevei, uye vangatibatsira sei kuwana tarisiro yezvinangwa uye kuderedza kudiwa kwemafuta asina kuchena mukugadzirwa kwepurasitiki?

Isu tichakutora iwe kuburikidza nemamwe mazwi akajairika ane hukama nemapurasitiki akasimba uye kuburitsa chokwadi chiri kuseri kwechimwe nechimwe.

Bioplastics - mapurasitiki ane bio-based kana biodegradable kana zvese zviri zviviri

Bioplastics ishoko rinoshandiswa kureva mapurasitiki ane bio-based, biodegradable, kana anokwana ese maitiro.

Kusiyana nemapurasitiki echinyakare akagadzirwa kubva kufossil-based feedstock,bio-based mapurasitiki akazara kana muchidimbu akagadzirwa kubva kune inodzokororwa feedstockyakabva kubiomass.Zvigadzirwa zvinogara zvichishandiswa kugadzira izvi zvinodzoreredzwa zvekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki zvinosanganisira mashanga echibage, madzinde enzimbe uye cellulose, uye zvichiwedzerawo mafuta akasiyana siyana nemafuta anobva kunowanikwazve.Mazwi ekuti 'bioplastics' uye 'bio-based plastics' anowanzo shandiswa zvakasiyana nevanhuwo zvavo asi haatomboreve chinhu chimwe chete.

Biodegradable plastikimapurasitiki ane hunyanzvi hwemamorekuru zvimiro zvinogona kuodzwa nemabhakitiriya pakupera kwehupenyu hwavo pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza.Haasi ese e-bio-based mapurasitiki anogona kuomeswa nepo mamwe mapurasitiki akagadzirwa kubva kumafuta emafuta ari chaizvo.

Bio-based - mapurasitiki ane zvikamu zvinogadzirwa kubva kubiomass

Mapurasitiki ane bio-based anogadzirwa zvishoma kana akazara kubva kuzvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva kubiomass pachinzvimbo chefossil-based raw materials.Zvimwe zvinoora asi zvimwe hazvisi.

Muna 2018, 2.61 miriyoni matani emapurasitiki e-bio-based akagadzirwa pasi rese,maererano neInstitute for Bioplastics uye Biocomposites (IfBB).Asi izvo zvichiri zvisingasviki 1% yemusika wepasi rose wepurasitiki.Sezvo kudiwa kwepurasitiki kuri kuramba kuchikura, ndizvo zvakaitawo kudiwa kwemhinduro dzakasimba dzepurasitiki.Yakajairika fossil-yakavakirwa plastiki inogona kutsiviwa neinodonhedza-mupurasitiki - bio-based yakaenzana.Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kudzikisa kabhoni tsoka yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira nepo humwe hunhu hwechigadzirwa - kusimba kwayo kana kudzokorodza - semuenzaniso, zvinoramba zvakafanana.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate kana PHA, imhando yakajairika yebiodegradable bio-based plastiki, parizvino inoshandiswa kugadzira kurongedza nemabhodhoro, semuenzaniso.Zviriinogadzirwa nekuvirisa kwemaindasitiri kana mamwe mabhakitiriya akadyiswa shuga kana mafutakubva ku feedstocks sengebeet, nzimbe, chibage kana mafuta emiriwo.Asi zvisingadiwe byproducts,semafuta ekubikisa tsvina kana mamolasses anosara mushure mekugadzirwa kweshuga, inogona kushandiswa seimwe nzira yekudya, kusunungura zvirimwa zvekudya kune zvimwe zvinoshandiswa.

Sezvo kudiwa kwepurasitiki kuri kuramba kuchikura, huwandu hwakakura hwemapurasitiki e-bio-based apinda mumusika uye anofanirwa kuwedzera kushandiswa seimwe nzira.

Mamwe mapurasitiki ane bio-based, senge, mapurasitiki ekudonhedza ane akafanana makemikari zvimiro uye zvimiro kune akajairwa mapurasitiki.Aya mapurasitiki haana biodegradable, uye anowanzo shandiswa mumashandisirwo umo kusimba chinhu chinodiwa.

Bio-based PET, iyo chikamu chakagadzirwa kubva kuorganic compound ethylene glycol inowanikwa mumiti, inoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvakawanda senge.mabhodhoro, mukati memotokari uye zvemagetsi.Sezvo kudiwa kwevatengi kune mamwe mapurasitiki akasimba kunowedzera,musika wepurasitiki iyi unotarisirwa kukura ne10.8% kubva 2018 kusvika 2024, inosanganiswa gore negore..

Bio-based polypropylene (PP) imwe inodonhedza mupurasitiki inogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakaita secheya, midziyo uye makapeti.Mukupera kwa2018,kugadzirwa kwekutengesa kwebio-based PP kwakaitika kekutanga,kuigadzira kubva mumarara nemafuta akasara, akadai semafuta akashandiswa ekubikisa.

Biodegradable - plastiki inoora pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo

Kana plastiki iine biodegradable, zvinoreva kuti inogona kuparara pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye kana yasangana neakananga mabhakitiriya kana tupukanana - ichiishandura kuita mvura, biomass uye kabhoni dhaibhorosi, kana methane, zvichienderana neaerobic kana anaerobic mamiriro.Biodegradation haisi chiratidzo che bio-based content;pachinzvimbo, yakabatanidzwa kune mamolecular chimiro chepurasitiki.Kunyangwe mapurasitiki akawanda anoodegradable ari bio-based,mamwe mapurasitiki anogona kuparara anogadzirwa kubva kumafuta efossil based feedstock.

Izwi rekuti biodegradable harina kujeka sezvo risingadarotsanangura timecalekana nzvimbo yekuora.Mapurasitiki mazhinji, kunyangwe asiri e-biodegradable, anoshatisa kana akapihwa nguva yakakwana, semuenzaniso mazana emakore.Vachaputsika kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvisingaonekwe neziso remunhu, asi ramba uripo se microplastics munharaunda yakatitenderedza.Kusiyana neizvi, mapurasitiki akawanda anoodegradable achaita biodegrade kuita CO2, mvura uye biomass kana akapihwa nguva yakakwana.pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza.Zvinorairwa izvozvoruzivo rwakadzamanezvenguva yakareba sei iyo plastiki inotora ku biodegrade, mwero we biodegradation uye inodiwa mamiriro anofanirwa kupihwa kuti iongorore zvirinani hunhu hwayo hwezvakatipoteredza.Purasitiki inoumbwa, rudzi rwepurasitiki inoodza, iri nyore kuongorora sezvo ichifanirwa kusangana nemiyero yakatsanangurwa kuti ikodzere label.

Compostable - rudzi rwepurasitiki inogona kuparara

Compostable plastiki chikamu chidiki che biodegradable plastiki.Pasi pemamiriro ekuita manyowa, inoputswa nema microbe kuita CO2, mvura uye biomass.

Kuti mapurasitiki abvumidzwe kuti anogona compostable, anofanirwa kusangana nemimwe mwero.MuEurope, zvinoreva kuti munguva yakatarwa yemavhiki gumi nemaviri, 90% yepurasitiki inofanira kuora kuita zvidimbu zvisingasviki 2mm.muhukuru mumamiriro anodzorwa.Inofanirwa kunge iine mwero wakaderera wesimbi inorema kuitira kuti isakuvadza ivhu.

Compostable plastikiinoda kutumirwa kunzvimbo yeindasitiri uko kunoiswa kupisa nehunyoro mamirirokuitira kuchengetedza kuderedzwa.PBAT, semuenzaniso, ifossil feedstock based polymer iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira mabhegi emarara emarara, makapu anoraswa uye firimu rekurongedzerwa uye inoparadza muzvirimwa zvecompost.

Purasitiki inoputsika munzvimbo dzakavhurika senge mumirwi yecompost yemumba inowanzonetsa kugadzira.MaPHA, semuenzaniso, anokodzera bhiri asi haana kushandiswa zvakanyanya kubvira ipapodzinodhura kugadzira uye nzira yacho inononoka uye yakaoma kukwira kumusoro.Nekudaro chemist vanga vachishanda mukuvandudza izvi, semuenzaniso nekushandisaimwe itsva kemikari catalyst- chinhu chinobatsira kuwedzera chiyero chekuita kwemakemikari.

Recyclable - kushandura plastiki yakashandiswa kuita zvigadzirwa zvitsva nemichina kana makemikari nzira

Kana plastiki ichidzokororwa, zvinoreva kuti inogona kudzokororwa pachirimwa cheindasitiri uye ichishandurwa kuita zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira.Mhando dzinoverengeka dzemapurasitiki akajairwa anogona kudzokororwa nemakanika - iyo yakajairika mhando yekudzokorodza.Asi yekutanga kuongororwa kwepasi rose kwemarara ese epurasitiki akambogadzirwaakawana kuti 9% chete yepurasitiki yakashandiswazve kubva pakatanga kugadzirwa makore makumi matanhatu apfuura.

Mechanical recyclingzvinosanganisira kutsemura uye kunyungudutsa tsvina yepurasitiki uye kuishandura kuita pellets.Mapellets aya anobva ashandiswa sembadza kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvitsva.Hunhu hwepurasitiki hunoderera panguva yekuita;saka chidimbu chepurasitikiinogona kudzokororwa nemuchina kashomaisati yave isingachakodzeri sechinhu chakabikwa.Plastiki nyowani, kana kuti 'virgin plastic', saka kazhinji kazhinji inosanganiswa nepurasitiki yakadzokororwa isati yashandurwa kuita chigadzirwa chitsva kubatsira kusvika padanho rinodiwa remhando.Kunyange zvakadaro, mapurasitiki akagadzirwazve nemuchina haana kukodzera kune zvese zvinangwa.

Chemikari yakadzokororwa plastiki inogona kutsiva mhandara fossil yakavakirwa mbishi zvinhu mukugadzira mapurasitiki matsva

Kemikari patsva, apo mapurasitiki anoshandurwa achidzokera kuva matombo ekuvaka uye ozogadziriswa kuva mhandara-yemhando yezvigadzirwa zvemapurasitiki matsva nemakemikari, imhuri itsva yemaitiro iyo ikozvino inowedzera simba.Iyo inowanzo sanganisira zvinokonzeresa uye / kana yakanyanya tembiricha yekupwanya mapurasitiki uyeinogona kushandiswa kune yakakura yakawanda yemarara epurasitiki kana ichienzaniswa neyakagadzirwazve.Semuenzaniso, mafirimu epurasitiki ane akaturikidzana akawanda kana zvimwe zvinosvibisa haawanzo kudzokororwa nemuchina asi anogona kugadzirwazve nemakemikari.

Izvo zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa kubva mumarara epurasitiki mumakemikari ekudzoreredza maitiro anogona kushandiswakutsiva virgin crude oil based raw materials mukugadzira mapurasitiki matsva, emhando yepamusoro.

Imwe yemabhenefiti makuru ekudzoreredza kemikari ndeyekuti inzira yekusimudzira umo mhando yepurasitiki haidzikisire kana yagadzirwa zvakasiyana panguva zhinji dzemakina ekudzokorodza.Plastiki inoguma inogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvinosanganisira midziyo yechikafu uye zvinhu zvekurapa uye zvehutano zvekushandisa uko kune zvakaomesesa zvekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa zvinodiwa.